Research

The following is a list of research projects that were identified as being conducted by scholars from the Asia Pacific region during 2006 on topics that are relevant to East Asian regionalism and security, broadly defined. It should be noted that because the publicly available information on research projects is limited, and because we only picked up projects that were discrete projects-as opposed to a research institute's broad, ongoing areas of research interest-conducted by more than one researcher, the list is fairly limited.

1. ARTNeT Regional Study on Services Trade Liberalization
   UNESCAP ARTNeT; Lead research institution: Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRAD), Nepal
   2006
   Description: This UNESCAP project examines a key area of economic activity in today's economies-trade in services. To date there has been little research on services trade in developing countries (especially empirical research by their own research institutions and teams). Accordingly, this study consisted of a comparative study of the banking and insurance sectors in Nepal, Bangladesh, and Malaysia, complemented by an examination of financial services liberalization in the EU to derive lessons for ASEAN and the Asia Pacific region. This comparative study analyzed the impact of policies implemented in the financial sector in the above-mentioned three countries, taking ownership issues into special account. The positive experience of the EU in financial liberalization and the factors that made it possible were then reviewed, underscoring the difficulties that accompanied the liberalization process and highlighting possible ways to make the path to regional financial liberalization smoother.
   Funding: Grant from the International Trade Development Research Centre (Ottawa, Canada); financial support from the WTO
   Website: http://www.artnetontrade.org/

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2. ARTNeT Study on Trade Facilitation
   UNESCAP ARTNeT
   2004-2006
   Description: The first year of this ARTNeT research project focused on the cost of and need for selected trade facilitation measures being discussed by the World Trade Organization (WTO) Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation. Five country studies were conducted as well as one international expert survey on the cost of implementation of selected trade facilitation measures. The second year of research focused on trade facilitation beyond the negotiations, in particular (1) trade facilitation and regional integration, (2) customs valuation and implementation of the related WTO agreement, and (3) trade facilitation and logistics services liberalization.
   Related Events: A UNDP/UNESCAP ARTNeT regional consultative meeting of researchers and policymakers on trade facilitation was held in August 2006.
   Output: Papers were edited and published by UNESCAP, in cooperation with UNDP, in a book entitled Trade Facilitation beyond the Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Regional Practices, Customs Valuation and other Emerging Issues.
   Funding: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
   Website: http://www.artnetontrade.org/

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3. Research Programme on an Asian Economic Community, Phase 3
   Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), India
   2006-2009
   Description: In the first two phases of the Research Programme on the Asian Economic Community (2001-2003 and 2003-2006), a proposal for an Asian Economic Community was developed, and its relevance and potential was established and discussed with the policy think tanks of the region. In light of the subsequent launch of the East Asia Summit (EAS), combining all the major Asian economies, the focus of the third phase (2006-2009) is on supporting the EAS process. Studies are being conducted on the roadmap for the community-building process and for delineating the contours and key features of the program of regional cooperation in Asia. The think tank network will be further strengthened, and the policy dialogue will be extended to politicians and business leaders in the region.
   Three working groups have been formed to conduct research targeting political and financial groups: (1) political constraints on the realization of an Asian Economic Community; (2) current and future states of regional specializations in the areas of investment, trade, and transportation; and (3) system development for the introduction of a common currency in an Asian Economic Community.
   Related Events: Roundtable discussion-December 2006 in Singapore
   Output:RIS will interview politicians and industrial managers. The results of the interviews and the research will be released on the web, in regular journals, and as project reports.
   Funding: Sasakawa Peace Foundation
   Website: http://www.ris.org.in/

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4. A China-Japan-Korea Trialogue in Northeast Asian Security
   Institute of East Asia Studies (IEAS), Korea
   2006-2007
   Description: With the goal of promoting a "trialogue" between the key actors in Northeast Asia-Japan, China, and Korea-this project aimed to develop possible strategies to solve national security problems by organizing collaborative research groups with researchers from the private sector and by conducting attitude surveys with 90 security experts including policy planners, scholars, and researchers from the three countries. IEAS formed a core group of 10 members, including 3 researchers from each country, and organized core group meetings to prepare a questionnaire (June 2006), to discuss the survey results and other topics (December 2006), and to discuss the next year's activities (March 2007). The survey was conducted twice on each of the following subjects: (1) politics and military topics; (2) economic topics, including the possibility of a free trade agreement among the three countries; and (3) historic and social topics. Additional interviews were conducted by the core group members.
   Related Events: A Northeast Asia Security Symposium was held in February 2007 in Tokyo to report the results of the attitude survey.
   Funding: Sasakawa Pan Asia Fund
   Website: http://www.spf.org/e/project/2006/a3_08e.html

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5. Comparative Study of the Development of Regional Bond Markets
   Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Project coordinator: Sun Jie
   2006
   Description: The Institute of World Economics and Politics conducted a study of national bond markets that examined the macro and micro factors, the market environment, and the legal environment that affect corporate financing decisions and that affect the development of the bond markets. The project also analyzed the development problems of the regional bond markets. The project mainly adopted the method of comparative study, supplemented by statistical data for illustrative and descriptive purposes.
   Website: http://en.iwep.org.cn/Corporation/infoDetail3.asp?cInfoId=176&dInfoId=129

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6. Development of Trilateral Cooperation among East Asia, North America, and Europe in Global Governance-Prospects and Challenges
   Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE) April 2006-March 2008 Description: The Asia Pacific Agenda Project (APAP) is a JCIE-organized multinational consortium of policy research organizations and academic institutions in the Asia Pacific that sponsor joint policy research projects and hold workshops, seminars, and an annual forum to discuss their research findings. The APAP research program in FY2006 focused on the question of trilateral cooperation among East Asia, North America, and Europe. Over the past decade, there has been a marked increase both within and among these regions in economic interdependence, cooperation on security issues, and functional collaboration on issues of common concern. As a result, there are greater expectations regarding the ability of the global governance system that has supported these three key regions to play a role in addressing interregional, intraregional, and global problems. In East Asia, for example, there has been increasing momentum behind the formation of a regional community. But at the same time, the political and social diversity of the region has made it difficult to resolve a number of issues and the rise of nationalism in many countries in the region has been posing a challenge to multinational cooperation, leading many to realize that the path to community building will not be a smooth one. Similar issues face North America and Europe. In light of these developments, this research project addressed the question of how national and regional governance can be improved through regional community building and how this can, in turn, foster better global governance.
   Related Events: Participants presented preliminary drafts at the 12th APAP Forum in November 2006. The authors gathered again in Tokyo on March 10-11, 2007, to discuss revised drafts of the papers and to exchange opinions with policy experts.
   Funding: Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
   Website: www.jcie.or.jp

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7. Energy Security
   Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia (ERINA), Japan; Project director: Shoichi Itoh
   2006-2007
   Description: This project aimed to reinforce cooperative relationships between Japanese and foreign researchers, government officials, and experts from companies involved in the energy sector. ERINA conducted research into the potential for policy coordination among energy-consuming countries and between producing countries and consuming countries, publicizing the outcomes of this research through academic papers and presentations at international conferences. This was linked to discussions at a subcommittee meeting during the 2007 Northeast Asia International Conference for Economic Development in Niigata.
   Related Events: 2007 Northeast Asia International Conference for Economic Development in Niigata
   Output: "Sino-Russian Energy Relations: The Dilemma of Strategic Partnership and Mutual Distrust" (published by the Sasakawa Peace Foundation, March 2007); "The Pacific Pipeline at a Crossroads: Dream Project or Pipe Dream?" (ERINA Report Vol. 73, January 2007); "Energy Security Revisited: A Catalyst for Multilateral Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region and the Role of the US-Japan Alliance" (Center for Global Partnership, August 2006); "Can Russia Become a 'Regional Power' in Northeast Asia?: Implications from Contemporary Energy Relations with China and Japan" (Center for East Asian Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, May 2006)
   Website: http://www.erina.or.jp/en/Research/db/index.htm

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8. A Free Trade Agreement among China, Japan, and Korea
   Development Research Center, China; National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA), Japan; Korea Institute for International Economic Policy
   2003-2008
   Description: Since 2003, three research institutes representing China, Japan, and Korea have jointly undertaken a study on a possible Free Trade Agreement among the three countries (a "CJKFTA"). Following an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of a CJKFTA and a survey of businesses in 2003, the three institutes conducted sector studies on the agriculture, automobile, electronics, fisheries, textile, and steel sectors and on sections of the service sector in 2004 and 2005. Continuing their study in 2006, the institutes decided to extend the studies to cover a broader area of the service sector. They also decided to examine other important issues, including rules of origin and sensitive sectors in the existing FTAs concluded by China, Japan, and Korea.
   The project has issued a report that presents a general perspective on regional trade agreements in Northeast Asia, followed by the major findings of the 2006 joint study and policy recommendations. Recognizing the importance and the urgency of forming a CJKFTA, the three institutes jointly recommended that the research be completed in 2007 to enable China, Japan, and Korea to design an ambitious CJKFTA.
   Related Events: A symposium was held in Tokyo on September 29, 2006.
   Output: Reports are available online.
   Website: http://www.nira.go.jp/pubj/newsletter/nn10.html

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9. Grand Design for Northeast Asia, Phase 4
   National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA), Japan; Institute of Spatial Planning & Regional Economy, China's National Development and Reform Commission; Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements
   April 2006-March 2007
   Description: The fourth phase of the "Grand Design for Northeast Asia" is comprised of a project on East Asian Economic Integration: Vision for Transport Network in Northeast Asia. In contrast to NAFTA and the EU, where regional transportation is primarily dependent on land and air networks, the coasts of Russia and China have an extremely strategic position in economic activity, so the development and enhancement of marine routes in addition to land and air routes is highly significant. For Japan in particular, because it is separated from the continent only by a narrow strip of ocean, the establishment of multilayered land, sea, and air transport networks that integrate the fruits of recent information technologies has become an important issue. Using the outcome of NIRA's project on the Grand Design for Development of Northeast Asia (carried out in three phases beginning in 2001), this new phase of research examines ways to enhance individual transportation mode networks and conceptualize intermodal transportation networks, centered on an examination of the BESETO Corridor (the concept of cooperation among Beijing, Seoul, and Tokyo).
   Related Events: Grand Design for Northeast Asia: Phase 3 Workshop, March 10, 2006
   Website: http://www.nira.go.jp

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10. Identifying Trends in Japan-DPRK Relations and Implications for US Policy
    Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis (IFPA), USA; Project director: James Schoff
    2005-2006
    Description: This project examined the underlying trends in Japan's North Korea policies and public opinion and assessed their implications for US policy. Washington's policy options vis-à-vis North Korea are increasingly constrained, and although the Japan-DPRK relationship is only one piece of a complex puzzle, it is a central one that will influence near-term US strategy and tactics. The United States will have to make a strategic decision about how it wants to break the six-party stalemate and, regardless of the choice it makes, strong support from Japan will be critical to success. Broadly speaking, US policymakers can either seek to apply greater economic and diplomatic pressure on North Korea or they can pursue a more conciliatory approach. There appear to be two different policy elite groups in Japan when it comes to the North Korean issue, one made up of pragmatists and the other of hawks. The pragmatists do not plan to go soft on North Korea and they will stick close to US policy on the issue, but they remain open to engagement and could coexist with the Kim Jong-il regime. The hawks probably view regime change in Pyongyang as the only viable solution to their security concerns and, to varying degrees, they would risk short-term regional instability to see this problem resolved.
    Output: Political Fences and Bad Neighbors: North Korea Policy Making in Japan & Implications for the United States (IFPA, 2006; available online)
    Funding Sources: Smith Richardson Foundation
    Website: http://www.ifpa.org/pdf/fences.pdf

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11. Interdependent Koreas: Engagement for Peace in Bilateral, Regional, and Global Contexts
    Hiroshima Peace Institute; Project coordinator: Kim Sung-chull, Associate Professor
    April 2006-March 2008
    Description: This project examines how inter-Korean relations have progressed and what conditions must be met for sustainable peace in the Korean Peninsula. With the expansion of South Korea's engagement with the North through trade, investment, and humanitarian aid, North Korea has become more reliant on South Korea in economic affairs. The actors who are involved in this process of engagement are not limited to the two governments but extend to business groups and nongovernmental organizations. North Korea's nuclear test, however, complicated inter-Korean relations. This project aims to appraise whether or not the original goal of South Korea's engagement policy, "buying peace," has been achieved and what the requisites are for the achievement of this goal. For this purpose, the project involves an analysis of Korean interdependence in various contexts: domestic, bilateral, regional, and global.
    Related Events: 1st workshop-December 11-12, 2006, Hiroshima, Japan; 2nd workshop-June 8-9, 2007, New York, USA
    Output: An edited volume is planned.
    Website: http://serv.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/English/

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12. Irregular Migration in Asia
    University of Hong Kong, Centre of Asian Studies; Asian Center, University of the Philippines
    2006-
    Description: The increased intraregional movement of people for work or pleasure is one manifestation of increasing integration in East Asia. In most cases, these transnational flows are voluntary, but for a significant number of people, that is not the case. Individuals may be coerced to move to work as sex workers, as bonded labor, or as slaves. Irregular migration is one of the main criminal offenses of the 21st century. But, as many countries in the region try to come to grips with this problem, they are hampered by a lack of objective data. The absence of data on human trafficking victims, for example, makes it difficult to understand the full scope of the problem in the Asian region. This problem is complicated by different legislative understandings of international and regional agreements, which also affects the compilation of data. A key objective of this project is therefore to solicit case study-based research on illegal migration in Asia so as to further our understanding of the assumptions and beliefs held by regional societies on this issue. The researchers believe that a greater understanding of the challenge of irregular migration holds the potential to make a major contribution to the current policy and research debates.
    Website: http://www.hku.hk/cas

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13. Lines of Convergence: China, India, Japan and the Future of Asia
    Center for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), India
    2005-2006
    Description: Relationships among Japan, China, and India have always been treated in bilateral frameworks-i.e., in terms of the Japan-China, China-India, or Japan-India relationship. Because of the rapid economic growth of Asia, fueled particularly by the recent growth of China and India, there are rising expectations on Asia to behave as a whole and to make contributions to political and economic stability both inside and outside of Asia. To respond to these expectations, Japan, China, and India must build positive and constructive collaborative relationships.
    This project aimed to build confidence and mutual understanding among the three countries by conducting research in three areas-economics, geology, and culture. The results of the research were compiled as research papers and presented at international conferences. The following subjects were addressed: (1) how to minimize various distortions derived from structural reforms during transition periods in order to maintain stable economic growth; (2) the creation of a future diplomatic framework for the three countries, developed from the current bilateral relationships between the United States and each country; and (3) an analysis of components of Asian identity from the viewpoint of Asian symbiosis.
    Related Events: Workshops were held in each country in September-October 2006. An international conference was held in February 2007 in Delhi with experts from Southeast Asia and India invited as discussants.
    Output: The papers and review article were to be published in 2007.
    Funding Sources: Sasakawa Pan Asia Fund
    Website: http://www.spf.org/e/project/2006/a3_11e.html

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14. Network of East Asian Think-Tanks (NEAT) Working Group: Overall Architecture of Community Building in East Asia
    NEAT; Japan Forum on International Relations (JFIR)
    2005-
    Description: This project stemmed from JFIR's role as host for one of the six working group meetings held at the 3rd NEAT Annual Conference in Tokyo in 2005. The Working Group for Overall Architecture of Community Building in East Asia assembled experts from ASEAN+3 to discuss the principles and methods of community building and produced a report that was submitted as part of policy recommendations to the ASEAN+3 Summit. In 2006, the group held a meeting in Tokyo to discuss nontraditional security issues (e.g., avian influenza and terrorism) and regional coordination on environmental issues such as pollution and the destruction of forests.
    Output: A report was submitted to the NEAT Annual Conference in Kuala Lumpur in 2006 and later included in policy recommendations to the ASEAN+3 Summit.
    Website: http://www.jfir.or.jp/e/research_e/index.htm

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15. The Paths Ahead: Missile Defense in Asia
    Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), United States; Project director: Kurt Campbell
    June 2005-March 2006
    Description: This study sought to assess developments in Asian approaches to missile defense, both to discover commonalities and differences that could shape a regional approach to the issues and to inform US thinking in shaping future missile defense architecture. The study focused on five governments that have made significant policy choices in the past regarding ballistic missile defense (BMD), and that were facing new choices as well: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, India, and Australia. Three working groups reviewed and considerably enhanced the CSIS team's work. These groups comprised experienced former US military, defense, and government officials and policy experts from both the academic and think tank communities.
    Early in the study, it became evident that there is no such thing as an "Asian missile defense position," and that the only meaningful way to understand the issue is country by country. This study therefore began with a snapshot of the situation in each country, considering threats to the country, its indigenous BMD capabilities, and its industrial ability to participate in developing its own defenses. The study moved on to examine the political and economic factors that shaped today's situation and will guide future developments, the major decisions facing each nation, and what US policies and capabilities may be required to provide a level of defense consonant with US alliance obligations and policy objectives.
    Related Events: Working group meetings
    Output: Report: The Paths Ahead: Missile Defense in Asia (CSIS, 2006; available online)
    Funding Sources: Lockheed Martin Corporation, ITOCHU, Raytheon, and Boeing
    Website: http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/0603_pathsahead.pdf

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16. The Promotion of Environmental Cooperation
    Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia (ERINA); Project directors: Shagdar Enkhbayar and Shoichi Itoh
    2004-2007
    Description: Beginning in FY2004, ERINA researchers sought to promote reductions in greenhouse gases through the Kyoto mechanisms by making use of their network of connections in related institutions and groups throughout the region and by conducting research into the status of progress in relation to Clean Development Mechanism/Joint Implementation (CDM/JI) in Northeast Asia. In addition to the results being published as an ERINA booklet, this research was linked to discussions at a subcommittee meeting during the 2007 Northeast Asia International Conference for Economic Development in Niigata.
    Related Events: 2007 Northeast Asia International Conference for Economic Development in Niigata
    Output: Enhancing the Environmental Cooperation in Northeast Asia in a New Dimension: Regional Cooperation on the Kyoto Mechanisms (CDM/JI), ERINA Booklet Vol. 5, March 2007
    Website: http://www.erina.or.jp/en/Research/db/index.htm

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17. The Promotion of Trade and Investment
    Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia (ERINA); Project director: Tomoyoshi Nakajima
    2006-2007
    Description: ERINA conducted analyses of recent moves aimed at economic integration in East Asia, such as an East Asian FTA and an East Asian community. The study was conducted in collaboration with research institutes in Japan and overseas, such as the Cabinet Office Economic and Social Research Institute and the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy. In addition to the outcomes of these analyses being published through academic papers and presentations at international conferences, this was linked to discussions at a subcommittee meeting during the 2007 Northeast Asia International Conference for Economic Development in Niigata.
    Related Events: 2007 Northeast Asia International Conference for Economic Development in Niigata
    Output: "Japan's Agricultural Reform in the Era of the East Asian FTA," in Anthology of Economic and Business Studies 20, no. 1 (Inha University Institute for Business & Economics Research, July 2006); "The 'Inevitability' of the East Asian Community" (in Japanese) ERINA Discussion Paper 0605 (December 2006)
    Website: http://www.erina.or.jp/en/Research/db/index.htm

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18. Public-Private Sector Partnerships for Infrastructure Development
    Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC), Singapore
    2004-2007
    Description: In 2004, a study by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and Japan Bank for International Cooperation concluded that East Asia needs US$1 trillion in infrastructure investment over the next 20 years. While government funding remains limited, new models of financing and delivery are increasingly being used to overcome this challenge. There is an increasing interest in "public-private partnerships" (PPPs) for infrastructure development. How do we define the function and impact of partnerships between government and business in the financing of infrastructure projects? What are the options for new forms of infrastructure finance, and what do they require for success?
    PECC launched a work program in 2004 to assess the various forms of PPPs being implemented around the region. The specialist group included leading consultants, multilateral institutions, banks and financial houses, governments, and academics.
    Output: In 2007, the group issued the results of three years of case study analysis.
    Website: http://www.pecc.org/

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19. Pursuing Security in a Dynamic Northeast Asia (PSDNEA)
    National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR)
    2006-
    Description: In November 2006, as part of the dedication of the new Kenneth B. and Anne H. H. Pyle Center for Northeast Asian Studies, NBR convened a conference entitled "Pursuing Security in a Dynamic Northeast Asia" and invited a select group of the world's top Northeast Asia specialists to identify and discuss the critical issues that will impact the future security environment of this vital region. Conference participants represented a broad spectrum of views from academia, business, government, and the policy research community.
    As the center's core research program, PSDNEA seeks to establish the Pyle Center as a hub through which the rising generation of American scholars, analysts, and policymakers will engage with and increase understanding of their counterparts across Northeast Asia.
    Related Events: A conference was held on November 17-18, 2006, in Seattle, Washington.
    Output: NBR has published post-conference publications. The first features former US Ambassador to Japan Michael Armacost and former Japanese Ambassador to the UN Yukio Satoh in "Emerging Trends, Dormant Interests: Developments in Northeast Asian Politics," NBR Analysis 18, no. 1 (January 2007). Asia Policy 3 (January 2007) includes Professor Kenneth B. Pyle's keynote address and papers by Nicholas Eberstadt, Aaron Friedberg, Francis Fukuyama, Michael Green, Chae-jin Lee, Kenneth Lieberthal, Dwight Perkins, Kenneth Pyle, Richard Samuels, and Robert Scalapino.
    Website: http://www.nbr.org/programs/northeast/currentprojects.html#Dynamic

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20. Russian Far East in the Asia-Pacific Region
    Sasakawa Peace Foundation; Economic Research Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
    2004-2006
    Description: This was the final phase of a three-year research project. The Russian Far East has been suffering from decreasing population and economic recession partly because of decreased support from the central government since the transformation of the old systems in the 1990s. There are great expectations that the Russian Far East will be a resource supply center in the Pacific area, involved in the development of Sakhalin and of pipelines from Siberia to Asia Pacific, but no master plan for integrated cooperation between the Russian Far East and Asia Pacific has been shown. The project aimed to study possible strategies for the economic development of the Russian Far East from the viewpoint of Asian researchers.
    Related Events: A preliminary workshop was held in August 2006 in Khabarovsk; an international conference was held in February 2007, also in Khabarovsk.
    Output: Policy proposals were published in March 2007.
    Funding Sources: Sasakawa Peace Foundation
    Website: http://www.spf.org/e/project/2006/a3_03e.html

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21. Toward the Integration of the Northeast Asian Transport Market
    East-West Center (EWC), United States; Korea Transport Institute (KOTI)
    2005-
    Description: This joint research project between the EWC and KOTI is based on the premise that an integrated and efficient transport system is a vital component for the economic integration and future prosperity of the Northeast Asian region. The EWC-KOTI research initially assessed the existing infrastructure and the existing imbalances and inefficiencies in the transport system. They found that joint efforts among the countries in Northeast Asia will be essential to resolve the inefficiencies created by physical, legal, institutional, and technical barriers. Focusing on China, Japan, and Korea, researchers then identified barriers, their causes, and potential means of overcoming them. Building on that research, the current phase of the EWC-KOTI research is developing a practical action plan for integrating the transport market in Northeast Asia. The 2006 conference focused on issues of standardization of transport and logistics statistics, on building a Northeast Asian regional database, and on strategies and linkages of the region's countries in developing multimodal transport.
    Related Events: Conference on August 14-15, 2006, in Sapporo, Japan.
    Website: http://www.eastwestcenter.org/events/past-east-west-center-events/?class_ call=view&conf_ID=907&mode=view

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22. Vision for the Economic Development of Northeast Asia
    Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia (ERINA), Japan; Project directors: Mitsuhiro Mimura
    2004-2006
    Description: ERINA conducted joint research with research institutions and researchers within Japan and overseas with the aim of contributing to the formation of economic development projects in Northeast Asia, as well as promoting their implementation. Researchers examined such topics as the development and use of transport corridors and infrastructure, energy security, environmental cooperation, trade and investment, tourism and exchange, and country-specific economic and industrial issues. The outcomes of this project were published in English as a comprehensive vision for economic development and cooperation in Northeast Asia.
    Output: Report-The Vision for Economic Development and Cooperation in Northeast Asia
    Website: http://www.erina.or.jp/en/Research/db/index.htm

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